![]() The transverse humeral ligament, which passes from the lesser tubercle to the greater tubercle of humerus, covers the intertubercular groove, in which the long head of biceps brachii travels. There are also three other ligaments attaching the lesser tubercle of the humerus to lateral scapula and are collectively called the glenohumeral ligaments. This capsule is strengthened by the coracohumeral ligament which attaches the coracoid process of the scapula to the greater tubercle of the humerus. It is lined by a thin, smooth synovial membrane. The capsule is a soft tissue envelope that encircles the glenohumeral joint and attaches to the scapula, humerus, and head of the biceps. The glenoid cavity is made deeper by the addition of the fibrocartilaginous ring of the glenoid labrum. There is an approximately 4-to-1 disproportion in size between the large head of the humerus and the shallow glenoid cavity. The shallowness of the cavity and relatively loose connections between the shoulder and the rest of the body allows the arm to have tremendous mobility, at the expense of being much easier to dislocate than most other joints in the body. ![]() The "ball" of the joint is the rounded, medial anterior surface of the humerus and the "socket" is formed by the glenoid cavity, the dish-shaped portion of the lateral scapula. It is formed by the articulation between the head of the humerus and the lateral scapula (specifically-the glenoid cavity of the scapula). It is a ball and socket joint that allows the arm to rotate in a circular fashion or to hinge out and up away from the body. The shoulder joint (also known as the glenohumeral joint) is the main joint of the shoulder. Also, this cartilage is also found only around the socket where it is attached. This cartilage is more fibrous or rigid than the cartilage on the ends of the ball and socket. The glenoid labrum is the second kind of cartilage in the shoulder which is distinctly different from the articular cartilage. They cushion and protect the rotator cuff from the bony arch of the acromion. Two filmy sac-like structures called bursae permit smooth gliding between bone, muscle, and tendon. Around the joint space are muscles - the rotator cuff, which directly surrounds and attaches to the shoulder joint - and other muscles that help provide stability and facilitate movement. White hyaline cartilage on the ends of the bones (called articular cartilage) allows the bones to glide and move on each other, and the joint space is surrounded by a synovial membrane. The acromioclavicular joint and sternoclavicular joint also play a role in shoulder movements. The main joint of the shoulder is the shoulder joint (or glenohumeral joint), between the humerus and the glenoid process of the scapular. These supporting structures attach to the clavicle, humerus, and scapula, the latter providing the glenoid cavity, acromion and coracoid processes. The shoulder consists of a ball-and-socket joint formed by the humerus and scapula and their surrounding structures - ligaments, muscles, tendons - which support the bones and maintain the relationship of one to another. The shoulder must be mobile enough for the wide range actions of the arms and hands, but stable enough to allow for actions such as lifting, pushing, and pulling. The cuff adheres to the glenohumeral capsule and attaches to the humeral head. ![]() The muscles of the rotator cuff are supraspinatus, subscapularis, infraspinatus, and teres minor. The rotator cuff is a group of four muscles that surround the shoulder joint and contribute to the shoulder's stability. The joint capsule is a soft tissue envelope that encircles the glenohumeral joint and attaches to the scapula, humerus, and head of the biceps. The shoulder joint is the main joint of the shoulder. The shoulder is the group of structures in the region of the joint. In human anatomy, the shoulder joint comprises the part of the body where the humerus attaches to the scapula, and the head sits in the glenoid cavity. The shoulder joint, also known as the glenohumeral joint, is the major joint of the shoulder, but can more broadly include the acromioclavicular joint. The articulations between the bones of the shoulder make up the shoulder joints. The human shoulder is made up of three bones: the clavicle (collarbone), the scapula (shoulder blade), and the humerus (upper arm bone) as well as associated muscles, ligaments and tendons.
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